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Photo Forum / Film Photography / Darkroom / April 2006

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Chenistry in developing Photographs

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Athena89 - 25 Apr 2006 21:01 GMT
Greetings, I am new to the group.

I am currently working on a project for my high school. I am
researching the chemical reactions in developing photographs.

If any one has any web sites or books that have this information in its
simplest form please post.

Specifically I need help in answering the following questions.
·    The chemical reactions of the developer
·    The chemical reactions of the stop bath
·    The chemical reactions of the fixer
·    Also, what makes the developing paper light sensitive

I know what these chemicals do, but need to know more about the
chemistry that occurs.
Nicholas O. Lindan - 25 Apr 2006 21:13 GMT
> I am currently working on a project for my high school. I am
> researching the chemical reactions in developing photographs.

> If any one has any web sites or books that have this information in its
> simplest form please post.

Mees, "Theory of the Photographic Process", 1st or 2nd edition,
don't get the 3rd.

Local library - you may have to do interlibrary loan as only
some libraries have large collections of books on photography.
In Cleveland there are only two.

The web is great at covering what is happening now but not so
great about covering the fundamentals.
Jean-David Beyer - 25 Apr 2006 21:57 GMT
>> I am currently working on a project for my high school. I am
>> researching the chemical reactions in developing photographs.
[quoted text clipped - 4 lines]
> Mees, "Theory of the Photographic Process", 1st or 2nd edition,
> don't get the 3rd.

Actually, if the third is the only edition you can find, you might as well
get it. The only trouble I know of with the third edition is that it does
not comply with your request for "this information in its simplest form." It
is quite complex, but if you have finished a very good class in chemistry,
you can probably understand a lot of it. Chapter 4, 5, and 13, 14, 15 should
pretty well cover it. Just skip the parts that are too hard and you may get
a good idea of what is going on.

But as I said, it will be a lot of work for you to read it. If you have a
good chemistry teacher, (s)he may be a big help in understanding this stuff.

> Local library - you may have to do interlibrary loan as only
> some libraries have large collections of books on photography.
> In Cleveland there are only two.
>
> The web is great at covering what is happening now but not so
> great about covering the fundamentals.

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Nicholas O. Lindan - 26 Apr 2006 01:16 GMT
> > > I am currently working on a project for my high school. I am
> > > researching the chemical reactions in developing photographs.
> > Mees, "Theory of the Photographic Process", 1st or 2nd edition,
> But as I said, it will be a lot of work for you to read it. If you have a
> good chemistry teacher, (s)he may be a big help in understanding this
> stuff.

It is a high-school paper ... the skill to be learned is bafflement
with bullshit.

My 11th grade chemistry paper was:

   "The effect of 5-Hydroxytriptamine antagonists on synaptic
    potential with respect to signals between the sclera and
    the lateral reticular gyrus in the cat with emphasis on
    molecular structure."

It got an A+ with commendations.

You only have to understand one word in ten if teach' can
only fathom one in twenty.

Because, the English translation is:

   "The effect of LSD on a cat and what it does to pain
    signals from it's flayed eyeball to a metal rod
    shoved into the side of its head.  Illustrated with
    hexagons and pentangles."

And if the teacher knew that I probably would have failed the course.

Pick a collection of paragraphs in Mees, paraphrase every 5th
sentence and look up the long words in Wiki in case someone
asks: what the hey, it's the same technique used in generating
a Ph.D. thesis: read 20 books and write a 21st summarizing what
you have read.  Next year's candidate will have 21 books to
read...

I am guessing that there are 1, 2, 3 -- 10??? folks reading this
newsgroup who can make head or tale of most of Mees, or
care to, for that matter.
John - 26 Apr 2006 01:54 GMT
>I am guessing that there are 1, 2, 3 -- 10??? folks reading this
>newsgroup who can make head or tale of most of Mees, or
>care to, for that matter.

And which one are you ? 1, 2 or 3 ?

==
    John S. Douglas
    Photographer & Webmaster
    www.legacy-photo,com
    www.xs750.net
Jean-David Beyer - 26 Apr 2006 02:40 GMT
> I am guessing that there are 1, 2, 3 -- 10??? folks reading this
> newsgroup who can make head or tale of most of Mees, or care to, for that
> matter.

I would not wish to judge the readers of this newsgroup. I wonder how many
there are all together. There seem to be some autoresponder bots that make a
lot of posts, and some real people.

I would guess that Richard Knoppow has read Mees & James. As have I. So that
is two. It is not easy reading, but I think if you have a good high-school
knowledge of chemistry and physics and are willing to work, you could get a
very good knowledge of photochemistry from the third edition of TotPP.

You may be right that most of the readers of this newsgroup do not care to
reed Mees and James, and I would not blame them. But the O.P. does seem
interested in this stuff, and perhaps for more reason than just doing a high
school paper.

I guess a simpler explanation could be found in Photography: Theory and
Practice by L.P.Clerc, but this is probably more difficult to find that Mees
and James. And, IMAO, less satisfactory.

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Richard Knoppow - 27 Apr 2006 12:37 GMT
>> > > I am currently working on a project for my high
>> > > school. I am
[quoted text clipped - 52 lines]
> newsgroup who can make head or tale of most of Mees, or
> care to, for that matter.
  While Mees's book is written at a fairly high level it is
very clear writing and much of it will make sense to a non
specialist. It is certainly not casual reading but also not
grad school stuff. The caviet with Mees is that the book is
very old and both the understanding of chemistry and
commercial practice have changed. Mees does not discuss
emulsion making beyond a fairly elementary level because he
was one of the very few people at Kodak to be familiar with
the complete process there, one kept very much under wraps.
  For those who don't know who we are talking about C. E.
Kenneth Mees wrote one of the classic texts on photgaphic
chemistry _The Theory of the Photographic Process_. Mees was
directly responsible for two editions. the first was issued
in the mid 1940s, the second (called the "Revised Edition"
in the mid 1950's. There are later editions but they were
edited mainly by Thomas H. James, who took over the Kodak
Research Laboratories after Mees retired about 1960.
  C.E.K.Mees was something of a genius in chemistry. He was
born in England, and after graduating and studying in
Germany, went to work for Wratten and Wainwright, a firm
making photographic plates. Mees developed sensitizing dyes
which allowed W&W plates to have unusually good color
sensitization. He also was insrtrumental in developing the
dyes used to make color filters. He became a partner in the
business. In the early 1900s Mees was approached by George
Eastman who wanted him to set up a proper research lab for
Kodak in Rochester. Mees agreed provided that Eastman would
buy out his partners and keep W&W going with the Wrattens
running it (Wainwright had died much earlier). Eastman
agreed and, in 1912, Mees established the Kodak Research
Laboratories.  It was decided at the outset that research
and technical papers published by the Labs would be
published in esteblished, peer-reviewed, journals, rather
than in a house organ. This gave immediate status to the
work there. Eastman believed in educating people about
photography so Kodak was a prolific publisher of scientific
paper, technical papers, books, and popular articles, along
with extensive literature for customers and users of Kodak
materials.
   While one of the primary reasons for establishing the
Labs was to find a practical method of color photography it
turned out that this was a much more difficult problem than
was believed the beginning. Agfa, in Germany, beat Kodak to
a multi-layer film that could be processed by the user
(Agfacolor). This was released about 1935, about the time
Kodak released Kodachrome. Kodachrome was easier to make but
required an extremely complicated and fussy procedure to
process. It took several years for Kodak to catch up to
Agfa. Agfa also beat Kodak, and everyone else, to the
discovery of gold sensitizing. This allowed Agfa to about
double the speed of its films without consequent increase in
grain about the early 1930's. Again, Kodak eventually caught
up.
   Mees was a great man and probably had more to do with
the personality of Kodak and its success than anyone else
after the death of George Eastman (1935).
   Because photographic chemistry has become so advanced
and complex no truly comprehensive book covering it all has
been published since the second edition of Mees. While Mees
and James (the third edition) and later books cover much of
the field they are more like collections of journal articles
than a book with some sense of unity. Probably the closest
is Grant Haist's book but he did not have the support Mees
did. There are certainly other books on the photographic
process. L.F.A. Mason's book (mentioned by "Nailer)is a very
good one, but rather hard to find. Another is the book by
Glafkides (sp?) also somewhat hard to find.
  Many of the researchers at Kodak Labs also published
books, ranging from fairly elementary (Mees himself
published one) to medium level and very technical. Many of
the technical papers still repay reading although they may
be hard to find. In particular I recommend the work of Loyd
A. Jones, who researched tone rendition very thoroughly. One
of these days, if I ever get a web site up, I will try to
have copies of some of these papers available on-line.
  In the meanwhile, don't be afraid to dig into some of
these books. Mees is advanced but much is understandable.
Haist is much newer, much is quite technical but there is
also a great deal of practical information: Haist is a
photographer as well as a scientist (and another alumni of
Kodak Research Labs).
  There is a great deal more but if I go on I will be
writing a book right here.

Signature

---
Richard Knoppow
Los Angeles, CA, USA
dickburk@ix.netcom.com

John - 28 Apr 2006 04:20 GMT
>   There is a great deal more but if I go on I will be
>writing a book right here.

And ...... ?

As one Valentino Rossi says "GO ! ! ! ! ! !"

==
    John S. Douglas
    Photographer & Webmaster
    www.legacy-photo,com
    www.xs750.net
John - 25 Apr 2006 21:26 GMT
>Specifically I need help in answering the following questions.
>·    The chemical reactions of the developer
>·    The chemical reactions of the stop bath
>·    The chemical reactions of the fixer
>·    Also, what makes the developing paper light sensitive

I think you left out the five most important parts.

    1) Subject
    2) Composition
    3) Film
    4) Camera
    5) Lighting

The gist is that the developer (a combination of alakli and developing
agent usually preserved with some sodium sulfite) provides ions to to
an exposed image in the film. The ions allow the silver in the exposed
areas to precipitate and form an image. The more exposure, the more
material precipitates. The stop bath is an acid that absorbs the ions
and stops the reaction. The fixer removes any undeveloped halide
salts.

==
    John S. Douglas
    Photographer & Webmaster
    www.legacy-photo,com
    www.xs750.net
Mike King - 26 Apr 2006 00:06 GMT
Read the post, OP needs help with a chemistry project.

Signature

darkroommike

>
> >Specifically I need help in answering the following questions.
[quoted text clipped - 24 lines]
>      www.legacy-photo,com
>      www.xs750.net
John - 26 Apr 2006 01:43 GMT
>Read the post, OP needs help with a chemistry project.

So did I when I was in the 8th grade. Now if one wants to get a little
more advanced then perhaps we need to ask for clarification as to the
subject. Is this pertinent to black-&-white processes or are we
looking at
John - 26 Apr 2006 01:48 GMT
>>Read the post, OP needs help with a chemistry project.
>
>So did I when I was in the 8th grade. Now if one wants to get a little
>more advanced then perhaps we need to ask for clarification as to the
>subject. Is this pertinent to black-&-white processes or are we
>looking at

E6, C41, K12, platinum, palladium, carbro, POP, ziatype, etc, etc,....
Or maybe just plain ol' Polaroid.

Hmmm, it does get a little complex doesn't it. Simple questions get
simple answers. Detailed questions can get detailed answers.

==
    John S. Douglas
    Photographer & Webmaster
    www.legacy-photo,com
    www.xs750.net
nailer - 26 Apr 2006 10:43 GMT
no doubt you are an excellent photographer. no doubt you can process
your materials. if you want to comment on chemistry in photography,
you should avoid situation of making yourself looking like a fool.

Chemistry is not your strongest attribute.

#On 25 Apr 2006 13:01:20 -0700, "Athena89" <Curlyb2828@hotmail.com>
#wrote:
#
#>
#>Specifically I need help in answering the following questions.
#>·    The chemical reactions of the developer
#>·    The chemical reactions of the stop bath
#>·    The chemical reactions of the fixer
#>·    Also, what makes the developing paper light sensitive
#
#I think you left out the five most important parts.
#
#    1) Subject
#    2) Composition
#    3) Film
#    4) Camera
#    5) Lighting
#
#The gist is that the developer (a combination of alakli and
developing
#agent usually preserved with some sodium sulfite) provides ions to to
#an exposed image in the film. The ions allow the silver in the
exposed
#areas to precipitate and form an image. The more exposure, the more
#material precipitates. The stop bath is an acid that absorbs the ions
#and stops the reaction. The fixer removes any undeveloped halide
#salts.
#
#==
#     John S. Douglas
#     Photographer & Webmaster
#     www.legacy-photo,com
#     www.xs750.net
Richard Knoppow - 26 Apr 2006 01:17 GMT
Greetings, I am new to the group.

I am currently working on a project for my high school. I am
researching the chemical reactions in developing
photographs.

If any one has any web sites or books that have this
information in its
simplest form please post.

Specifically I need help in answering the following
questions.
7 The chemical reactions of the developer
7 The chemical reactions of the stop bath
7 The chemical reactions of the fixer
7 Also, what makes the developing paper light sensitive

I know what these chemicals do, but need to know more about
the
chemistry that occurs.

  There is a pretty good on-line summary at:
http://www.cheresources.com/photochem.shtml

  The best medium level books are all long out of print but
may be available at a good library. Look for:

_Photographic Materials and Processes_ Stroebel, Compton,
Current, Zakia  1986 The Focal Press  There is a second
edition but the first edition is more complete.

Another fairly recent book is:
_Modern Photographic Processing_ Grant Haist  The original
was published I think by Wiley but Grant has reprinted it
and its available from him. A larger library should have it.

An older book written at an intermediate level is:
_Fundamentals of Photographic Theory_ 2nd edition, James and
Higgins, 1960 Morgan & Morgan.

Be aware that much photographic and other chemical theory
has changed very considerably even in the last decade so
some of the older books can be misleading. Unfortunately,
there is no single source for modern theory not do there
seem to be any written at a level understandable to someone
without a graduate degree in chemistry.

Signature

---
Richard Knoppow
Los Angeles, CA, USA
dickburk@ix.netcom.com

nailer - 26 Apr 2006 11:00 GMT
I would recommend-

Photographic processing Chemistry by Leslie Frederick Alfred Mason,
published in 1975 by Focal Press, ISBN 0470575352.

It is very well written and sufficient for your project. Some other
books require tertiary education in chemistry to fully understand the
text.

#Greetings, I am new to the group.
#
#I am currently working on a project for my high school. I am
#researching the chemical reactions in developing photographs.
#
#If any one has any web sites or books that have this information in
its
#simplest form please post.
#
#Specifically I need help in answering the following questions.
#·    The chemical reactions of the developer
#·    The chemical reactions of the stop bath
#·    The chemical reactions of the fixer
#·    Also, what makes the developing paper light sensitive
#
#I know what these chemicals do, but need to know more about the
#chemistry that occurs.
Athena89 - 27 Apr 2006 18:13 GMT
Thank you for all the advice and useful information but now I must
follow through and start reading. I am not only writing a paper but
presenting in front of a group of panelists what I learned and how I
learned it.

Thank you very much your advice is highly appreciated.
 
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